Use ACI Standards and Reviews Equations to Determine the Primary Parameters for the Design Reinforced Shear and 3D-Printed Concrete Walls

Authors

  • Salhah A. Mohummed

    Omar AlMukhtar University

  • Hana Abdalftah Aljewifi

    Omar AlMukhtar University

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61706/sccee12011232
Keywords:
3D Printed Concrete Wall, Shear Wall, Fresh Properties, Hardened Properties, Numerical Study
Abstract

In the domain of construction, the practice of virtual fabrication, which encompasses the utilization of three-dimensional printers in the fabrication of building components, is experiencing a notable surge in popularity and adoption. The implementation of these building strategies offers a range of advantages, including the potential for free form architecture, reduced construction time, labor expenses, waste material, and freedom of geometry. In the wet manufacturing method known as 3D Printing Concrete (3DCP), layers of extruded mortar are linked together by consecutive material deposition. The objective of this study is to make a comparison between the numerical values derived from equation reviews of ordinary reinforced shear concrete walls (RSCW) and 3D-printed concrete walls (3DPCW). Additionally, the rheological behavior and engineering mechanisms of two buildings at both the fresh and hardened states will be examined. The study assesses critical parameters, including yield stress τ₀, plastic viscosity μ₀, and the thixotropic structuration rate A₀ₕᵢₓ. The findings of the study demonstrate that conventional concrete demonstrates a substantially elevated structuration rate, Aₜₕᵢₓ≈1.14 Pa/s, in comparison to that of 3D-printed mortar, Aₜₕᵢₓ≈ 0.75 Pa/s. While the higher rate in conventional concrete facilitates a rapid reduction in lateral formwork pressure, it concomitantly narrows the interlayer bonding window, thereby increasing the risk of cold joints. The analysis confirms that both materials exhibit viscoplastic behavior, transitioning from a solid-like state to a fluid-like response upon exceeding the yield threshold. Moreover, the findings indicate that a 20% increase in material density necessitates a 15% reduction in printing velocity to prevent plastic collapse or elastic buckling. Furthermore, the structural stability of 3DPC is constrained by an Aₜₕᵢₓ/H ̇ ratio > 1 s/m and a density threshold of <2,200 kg/m³. These findings establish a quantitative "safe printing envelope" for transitioning from conventional reinforced construction to automated additive manufacturing.

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Published
2026-04-14
Data Availability Statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request..

Issue
Vol. 4 No. 2 (2026): April - June
Section
Research Article/Original Research
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Copyright (c) 2026 Salhah A. Mohummed, Hana Abdalftah Aljewifi

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How to Cite

Mohummed, S. A., & Aljewifi, H. A. (2026). Use ACI Standards and Reviews Equations to Determine the Primary Parameters for the Design Reinforced Shear and 3D-Printed Concrete Walls. Steps For Civil, Constructions and Environmental Engineering, 4(2), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.61706/sccee12011232

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